Clara Barton and Quicksilver
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The Mad Hatter by Lewis Carroll (Wikimedia Commons) |
Most of us are familiar with the often nonsensical, flamboyantly dressed Mad Hatter from Lewis Carroll’s Alice in Wonderland. Most of us are also, no doubt familiar with the expression “mad as a hatter.” Now this expression is not based upon Lewis’s tea drinking, top hatted character, but it may come from a real phenomenon that occurred amongst 18th and 19thcentury hat makers.
Men’s hats of this period often contained animal skins that were turned into felt through a process called carroting, which, among other steps, included the pelts being specially treated with a heavy metal called mercury (or more specifically mercuric nitrate). Mercury, when it accumulates within the body, will frequently lead to debilitating illness, disfigurement (especially of the face due to excessive salivation), death, and, of course, “madness.”
Now, despite all of these foreboding symptoms, mercury was a commonly prescribed medication at the time of the Civil War for soldiers and civilians, and many notable people took doses of mercury, such as author Louisa May Alcott, President Abraham Lincoln, and, you guessed it, Clara Barton. None of these historic figures fared well from their treatments.
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Hospital Sketches – 1897 edition (Wikimedia Commons)
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While serving as a Union nurse in Georgetown for six weeks in late 1862, Alcott contracted typhoid fever and was treated with mercury chloride, also known colloquially as calomel. Calomel was taken internally and was popular as a purgative and diuretic treatment in the age of ‘heroic medicine,’ forcing patients who were ill to cleanse their body of impurities thought to be causing the sickness. After her letters from this time were published as “Hospital Sketches” in 1863, she remarked “I was never ill before this time, and never well afterward.” Many historians have contested as to whether her exposure to mercury was eventually what ended her life in 1888, nevertheless her encounter with the toxic drug certainly did not help her constitution.
President Lincoln also took mercury in the form of “blue mass.” The ingredients of blue mass varied, but all contained mercury either in elemental form or in compound form (such as calomel). It was administered in either pill or syrup form for a wide variety of ailments such as tuberculosis, syphilis, toothaches, and constipation (often the result of a poor soldiering diet lacking in fruit, fiber and freshness). While we don’t know if Lincoln suffered from mercury poisoning, we know that he took blue mass before and for some time during his presidency, potentially for constipation and/or “melancholy.”
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Martin & Pleasance’s Podophyllin Pilules (www.downies.com) |
Clara Barton also was a recipient and victim of mercuric medicine. In late 1868, the year Clara
Barton left the site of the museum at 7
th Street NW, she was feeling poorly. In March of that year she took ill, reporting first hoarseness, then coldness and cramping, fevers, and fainting, and then took sick again in August and September. On October 20
th, 1868 she writes:
“Mr. Ramsey called this evening and gave me a prescription for my bilious difficulty.” Bilious refers to being sick to ones stomach. Mr. Ramsey prescribed her mercury, a local remedy dubbed “Hubbels ferated eliscer Calijasa,” and what I could decipher from her handwriting to be “phodophellan.”
Using some creative search engine inputs, I came up with what I believe she meant: podophyllin. Podophyllin is a substance from the plant
Podophyllum, more commonly known as a May apple. Used to treat warts and as a laxative, the entirety of the plant is poisonous when ingested orally. What little I know about this Mr. Ramsey concerns me. She writes in that same October 20
thentry, on an unrelated tangent, that he is not a doctor, but a farmer! As you will read, this farmer’s remedy is nearly fatal to Clara Barton.
She obtained the medicines prescribed by Mr. Ramsey on the 21
st of October and by the next day she reported “losing strength” and by the 23
rd she is “exceedingly weak” and “went to walk at evening to see if it would improve me, but grew worse and returned home with some difficulty and in great pain.”
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Calomel Pills from Abbot Laboratories, Chicago (From the collection of Dr. Gordon Dammann) |
She grew worse quickly, even after she finished her prescribed dosage of medication, becoming “exceedingly weak” and bedridden and “nearly fainted” on the 25th. She did, however, recognize that the medication was causing some of her distress, commenting on the 26th that she had a “great deal of pain in [her] chest and limbs- the latter the result of medicine.” By the end of the month, she wrote very little, could not move from her bed, ate nothing, began to hallucinate, and was “alone with my house in great confusion.” Fortunately she thought enough is enough. She decided “to go North for treatment” after she was unable to walk home from her sister Sally’s lodging on November 7th.
She first went to New York City, where soon after her arrival, she “went to call on Dr. Fuller” (notice Dr. Fuller and Mr. Ramsey!) This doctor examined her and concluded that she was “not bilious and had not been” but her “medicine had greatly injured me.” He gave her a more benign, if potentially ineffective, prescription of “roots and herbs.” She still felt poorly as of the 15th of November, so she headed north again, this time to Boston, where another doctor, Dr. Snow Small of Newtonville, examined her and finds that she has a “polypus.” She wrote that he will remove it the following week, however I find no mention of the operation in her diary, only that she was feeling better by the 22nd of November.
When she returned to Washington in December of 1868, she very abruptly left 7
thSt. NW for another lodging on Capitol Hill by New Years Eve of that same year. Was this due to her illness in any way? More research to be done on that front!
Mercury’s toxic properties became more fully understood as the century wore on, but it continued to be used in the form of skin lightening creams, teething powders, and treatment for syphilis (which would be phased out in favor of arsenic!) Some of you, dear readers, may have mercury inside of you right now in the form of dental fillings!
To learn more about all the medicines used during the Civil War be sure to visit our flagship museum, the National Museum of Civil War Medicine.
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